목차 일부
CONTENTS
Introduction to the series = ⅴ
Contents of the Handbook = ⅶ
Preface to the Handbook = xi
Chapter 1 The Positive Theory of International Trade / RONALD W. JONES ; J. PETER NEARY = 1
1. Introd...
목차 전체
CONTENTS
Introduction to the series = ⅴ
Contents of the Handbook = ⅶ
Preface to the Handbook = xi
Chapter 1 The Positive Theory of International Trade / RONALD W. JONES ; J. PETER NEARY = 1
1. Introduction = 2
2. Models of trade = 4
2.1. The exchange model = 7
2.2. The Ricardian model = 10
2.3. The Heckscher - Ohlin model = 14
2.4. The specific-factors model = 21
2.5. Extensions = 27
3. Multi-level trade = 31
3.1. Trade in intermediates and natural resources = 31
3.2. Trade in factors = 37
3.3. Trade in technology = 42
3.4. Trade in securities = 43
4. Multi-behavioral trade = 45
4.1. Market distortions = 45
4.2. Increasing returns = 48
4.3. Imperfect competition = 50
5. Concluding remarks = 53
References = 53
Chapter 2 The Normative Theory of International Trade / W.M. CORDEN = 63
1. Introduction = 65
2. Normative economics : Some general remarks = 66
3. The gains from trade = 69
3.1. The basic gains from trade propositions : Samuelson and Kemp = 69
3.2. Perspective = 72
3.3. Gains from trade : Recent extensions = 73
3.4. Increasing returns with Marshallian assumptions = 75
3.5. Given commodity taxes and the gains from trade = 76
3.6. Product differentiation and increasing returns = 76
4. The devices of trade intervention = 77
4.1. The effect of a tariff = 77
4.2. The symmetry between import and export taxes = 78
4.3. Consumption and production taxes = 79
4.4. The equivalence between import quotas and tariffs = 79
4.5. Balance of payments effects = 81
4.6. Theory of tariff structure = 82
5. The terms of trade argument and optimal tariff theory = 82
6. The theory of domestic distortions = 86
6.1. Domestic distortions theory : Introduction = 86
6.2. The hierarchy of policies and by-product distortions = 88
6.3. Wage rigidity, marginal product differential and unemployment = 89
6.4. The infant industry argument = 91
6.5. Trade distortions = 92
6.6. Non-economic objectives and fixed targets = 94
6.7. Mixed cases = 94
7. Distortions, the budget constraint and optimal tax theory = 96
7.1. The limitations of domestic distortions theory = 96
7.2. Revenue limits and income distribution effects of correcting a distortion : The Anand-Joshi qualification = 97
7.3. Optimal tax theory and domestic distortions = 98
7.4. Trade taxes for revenue : Small and large country case = 100
8. The cost of protection = 101
9. Cost-benefit analysis for the open economy = 105
9.1. Non-tradeables = 107
9.2. Import quotas = 107
9.3. Terms of trade effects = 108
9.4. Budget constraint = 108
9.5. Factor proportions variable = 110
10. The political economy of protectionism = 111
11. Customs union theory = 112
11.1. Introduction = 112
11.2. Two assumptions = 113
11.3. The two-good model = 114
11.4. The three-good Meade model = 115
11.5. Broadening the model, and intra-union terms of trade effects = 117
11.6. The common external tariff = 118
11.7. External terms of trade effects = 119
11.8. Can a customs union be optimal? = 120
11.9. Economies of scale = 123
11.10. Other aspects of customs unions = 123
References = 124
Chapter 3 Higher Dimensional Issues in Trade Theory / WILFRED J. ETHIER = 131
1. Basic concepts = 133
2. The law of comparative advantage = 135
3. The basic propositions of the modem theory = 140
4. Many goods = 141
4.1. Factor-price equalization = 142
4.2. Stolper-Samuelson = 144
4.3. Rybczynski = 145
4.4. The Heckscher-Ohlin theorem = 145
5. Many factors = 147
5.1. The basic propositions = 147
5.2. The specific-factors model = 148
6. Strong results in even technologies = 149
6.1. Global univalence = 150
6.2. Stolper-Samuelson and Rybczynski = 152
6.3. The Heckscher-Ohlin theorems = 160
7. General results = 161
7.1. Factor-price equalization = 162
7.2. Stolper-Samuelson = 163
7.3. Rybczynski = 167
7.4. General results = 169
7.5. The Heckscher-Ohlin theorems = 173
8. Odd or even : Does it matter? = 178
9. Concluding remarks = 181
References = 181
Chapter 4 Growth and Development in Trade Models / RONALD FINDLAY = 185
1. Ricardian theory = 187
1.1. A dynamic Ricardian model = 187
1.2. Lewis on the terms of trade = 191
1.3. Unequal exchange = 192
2. Neoclassical theory = 194
2.1. Comparative statics of growth and trade = 194
2.3. "Immiserizing" growth and foreign investment = 198
2.3. Steady state growth in the open economy = 203
3. Development and asymmetrical interdependence = 212
3.1. Wage differentials and infant industry protection = 212
3.2. Two-gap models and export-led growth = 215
3.3. The open dual economy = 218
3.4. North-South models = 221
References = 232
Chapter 5 International Factor Movements / ROY J. RUFFIN = 237
1. Some statistics on labor and capital movements = 238
1.1. Labor = 238
1.2. Capital movements = 240
1.3. Direct investment = 245
2. The concept of international capital movements = 246
2.1. The transfer problem = 246
2.2. Cross-hauling and direct foreign investment = 247
3. Factor mobility and the national advantage = 249
3.1. Private versus social interests = 249
3.2. The gains from factor mobility = 255
3.3. Optimal restrictions on capital versus optimal restrictions on labor = 258
4. International factor movements and income distribution = 259
4.1. The MacDougall-Kemp model = 259
4.2. The general case of a small open economy = 261
5. Trade and capital movements = 265
5.1. The Heckscher-Ohlin model = 266
5.2. The Kemp-Jones model = 269
References = 286
Chapter 6 Capital Theory and Trade Theory / ALASDAIR SMITH = 289
1. Introduction = 290
2. A general intertemporal model of production and trade = 290
2.1. Comparative statics and comparative dynamics = 290
2.2. The intertemporal welfare economics of trade = 293
3. Capital and growth in non-steady-state models = 297
3.1. The Heckscher-Ohun-Samuelson model = 297
3.2. Trade in capital assets = 307
3.3. Two-period models = 309
3.4. A footnote = 310
4. Steady-state models with many capital goods = 311
4.1. Comparative dynamics of prices = 311
4.2. Comparative dynamics of quantities = 316
4.3. An alternative theory of trade? = 318
5. Conclusion = 320
References = 321
Chapter 7 Increasing Returns, Imperfect Markets, and Trade Theory / ELHANAN HELPMAN = 325
1. Introduction = 326
2. Types of economies of scale = 327
3. Types of competition = 330
4. Homogeneous products = 332
5. International returns to scale = 337
6. National returns to scale = 341
7. Limited entry and market segmentation = 348
8. Differentiated products = 355
References = 363
Chapter 8 The Role of Natural Resources in Trade Models / MURRAY C. KEMP ; NGO VAN LONG = 367
1. The need for new theories = 368
2. Anti-Heckscher-Ohlin theory = 370
3. Generalized Heckscher-Ohlin theory = 377
4. Generalized anti-Heckscher - Ohlin theory = 388
5. Hybrid theory = 388
6. Resource-renewal and resource-replacement = 395
6.1. Resource-renewal = 395
6.2. Resource-replacement = 397
7. Cartels - introduction = 405
8. Cartels - the case of binding contracts = 406
9. Cartels - no binding contracts = 411
10. The formation of cartels = 412
11. Bibliographical notes = 413
References = 415
Chapter 9 Uncertainty in Trade Models / JOHN POMERY = 419
1. Some preliminaries = 420
2. Walrasian-intemational models : Pure exchange = 426
3. Walrasian-intemational models : Production = 435
4. Welfare and government intervention = 449
5. Miscellany = 457
6. Concluding remarks = 461
References = 461
Chapter 10 Testing Trade Theories and Predicting Trade Flows / ALAN V. DEARDORFF = 467
1. Introduction = 468
2. How do you test a trade theory? = 469
3. Tests of the Ricardian model = 475
4. Tests of the Heckscher-Ohlin model = 478
4.1. Leontief-type analysis of the factor content of trade = 480
4.2. Regression analysis of the commodity composition of trade = 485
4.3. Tests of the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem = 492
5. Tests of technology theories of trade = 493
6. Other patterns of trade and theories to explain them = 499
6.1. Empirical regularities = 500
6.2. Gravity-type models of bilateral trade flows = 503
6.3. The Under hypothesis = 504
6.4. Homogeneous-product explanations of infra-industry trade = 506
6.5. Product differentiation = 507
6.6. Scale economies and country size = 510
7. Conclusion = 511
References = 513
Chapter 11 Trade Policies in Developing Countries / ANNE O. KRUEGER = 519
1. Trade policy, industrialization and growth = 520
1.1. Optimality of free trade = 520
1.2. Objections to free trade = 521
2. Analysis of trade policies in developing countries = 527
2.1. Export promotion and import substitution = 527
2.2. Tariffs, quotas, and exchange rate overvaluation = 531
3. Measures of protection and its effects = 538
3.1. ERPs versus DRCs = 539
3.2. Negative international value added = 540
3.3. Protection of what? = 541
3.4. Magnitude of protection = 542
3.5. The cost of protection = 543
4. Interaction with domestic distortions = 548
4.1. Behavior under distortions = 548
4.2. Analysis of policies under distortions = 551
4.3. Empirical evidence on distortions and their effects = 555
5. Terms of trade changes and export instability = 557
5.1. Secular deterioration in the terms of trade? = 558
5.2. Instability = 560
5.3. Empirical evidence on instability = 564
6. Concluding remarks = 566
References = 566
Chapter 12 Trade Policies in Developed Countries / ROBERT E. BALDWIN = 571
1. The political economy of protection = 572
1.1. The nature of the political decision-making process = 573
1.2. Alternative models and key industry characteristics = 574
1.3. Empirical tests : Results and appraisal = 580
2. Analyses of the effects of trade liberalization = 582
2.1. General liberalization = 582
2.2. Sectoral studies = 590
3. Adjusting to increased imports = 590
3.1. The concept of social adjustment costs = 591
3.2. Estimates of adjustment costs = 593
3.3. The effectiveness of trade adjustment assistance programs = 594
4. Estimating the impact of foreign trade on employment = 595
5. Customs unions and other preferential trading arrangements = 597
5.1. Customs unions = 597
5.2. Tariff preferences and other trade policies affecting the LDCs = 598
6. Specific non-tariff trade measures = 600
6.1. Quantitative restrictions(QRs) = 600
6.2. Preferential government purchasing policies = 602
6.3. Export and domestic subsidies = 604
6.4. Dumping = 605
6.5. Border tax adjustments = 607
6.6. Offshore assembly provisions(OAPs) and domestic content protection = 608
7. Current and prospective trade-policy issues = 608
7.1. Selectivity, reciprocity, and graduation = 609
7.2. Trade in services and trade-related investment issues = 610
7.3. Institutional reforms = 611
References = 612
Index = 621
</vol>
<vol>2
<count>
CONTENTS
Introduction to the Series = ⅴ
Contents of the Handbook = ⅶ
Preface to the Handbook = xi
Chapter 13 Macroeconomic Theory and Policy : How the Closed Economy Was Opened / PETER B. KENEN = 625
1. Introduction = 626
2. Stylized facts and economic analysis = 628
2.1. The stylized facts of Bretton Woods = 628
2.2. The stylized facts of Keynesian macroeconomics = 630
2.3. The insular economy = 634
3. Incomes, prices, and the current account = 636
3.1. The basic model = 637
3.2. Income, imports, and the multiplier = 640
3.3. Exchange rates and elasticities = 642
3.4. Exchange rates and absorption = 646
3.5. Exchange rates and optimal policy = 649
3.6. The behavior of a flexible exchange rate = 654
3.7. The choice between fixed and flexible exchange rates = 656
4. Interest rates and the capital account = 659
4.1. Capital flows and optimal policy = 660
4.2. Capital mobility and policy autonomy under fixed exchange rates = 662
4.3. Capital mobility and policy autonomy under flexible exchange rates = 665
4.4. Flows, stocks, and asset-market equilibrium = 669
5. Conclusion = 673
References = 673
Chapter 14 Asset Markets, Exchange Rates, and the Balance of Payments / JACOB A. FRENKEL ; MICHAEL L. MUSSA = 679
1. Introduction = 680
2. The Mundell-Fleming model = 682
3. The dynamics of balance of payments adjustment under fixed exchange rates = 687
3.1. Adjustment in a small open economy without capital mobility = 687
3.2. Extensions of the simple model = 693
4. Flexible exchange rates = 716
4.1. The monetary model of exchange rate determination = 716
4.2. Exchange rates as asset prices = 725
4.3. Balance of payments equilibrium and the real exchange rate = 728
4.4. Exchange rates and money in the general model of exchange rate determination = 734
4.5. Empirical issues in exchange rate analysis = 738
References = 740
Chapter 15 The Specification and Influence of Asset Markets / WILLIAM H. BRANSON ; DALE W. HENDERSON = 749
1. Introduction = 750
2. Portfolio balance models with postulated asset demands = 750
2.1. Overview = 750
2.2. The general specifications of asset markets = 751
2.3. The basic asset market specification = 754
2.4. The specification of the goods markets and the balance of payments = 760
2.5. The distribution effect of a trade surplus with goods prices fixed = 766
2.6. Distribution effects of a trade surplus with goods prices flexible = 770
2.7. Negative net foreign asset positions and stability = 777
3. The microeconomic foundations of asset demands in open economies = 782
3.1. Overview = 782
3.2. Asset demands in a two-asset model with the exchange rate and the home price index stochastic = 784
3.3. Implications of a popular specification of the home price index = 788
3.4. Implications of relative purchasing power parity = 792
3.5. Price index-exchange rate covariance and the law of one price = 793
3.6. Asset demands in a three-asset model with exchange rates and the price index stochastic = 794
3.7. Asset demands in a general model with exchange rates and the price index stochastic = 797
3.8. Integrating money into the microeconomic theory of asset demands = 798
4. Conclusions = 800
Appendix A = 801
Appendix B = 801
References = 802
Chapter 16 The Specification of Goods and Factor Markets in Open Economy Macroeconomic Models / NEIL BRUCE ; DOUGLAS D. PURVIS = 807
1. Introduction = 808
1.1. A benchmark monetary model = 809
1.2. A benchmark real model = 812
2. Combining monetary and real factors in a full-employment context = 817
2.1. Specialized production with a monetary sector = 817
2.2. Non-traded goods with a monetary-sector = 819
3. Unemployment : Keynesian specifications of open-economy macro models = 821
3.1. The Mundell-Fleming model = 822
3.2. The non-traded goods model with unemployment = 824
3.3. An extended Mundell-Fleming model = 827
4. Open macroeconomic model specification : Some applications = 836
4.1. Specie flow and the automatic adjustment mechanism = 836
4.2. The purchasing power parity(PPP) doctrine = 838
5. Specification issues in dynamic open-economy models = 844
5.1. Private-sector accumulation and external balance = 844
5.2. Public-sector deficits and the external balances = 852
6. Conclusions = 854
References = 855
Chapter 17 Stabilization Policies in Open Economies / RICHARD C. MARSTON = 859
1. Introduction = 860
2. Stabilization policy in the insular economy = 861
2.1. A model of trade and output = 862
2.2. Flexible exchange rates = 863
2.3. Fixed exchange rates = 864
2.4. Modifications of the model = 865
3. Capital mobility and the Mundell-Fleming propositions = 866
3.1. A model with internationally mobile capital = 868
3.2. Stabilization policy under fixed exchange rates= 874
3.3. Stabilization policy under flexible exchange rates = 878
3.4. The relative effectiveness of policies and other issues = 880
4. Flexible wages and the monetary approach = 883
4.1. A model with flexible wages = 883
4.2. Effects of a devaluation with flexible wages = 885
4.3. Effects of monetary and fiscal policy with flexible wages = 889
5. The role of policy in the new classical macroeconomics = 892
5.1. A model of an open economy under rational expectations = 894
5.2. Changes in the money supply = 896
5.3 Policy rules = 899
6. Exchange rate regimes = 903
6.1. Domestic disturbances = 904
6.2. Foreign disturbances and insulation = 907
6.3. Optimal foreign exchange intervention = 910
References = 912
Chapter 18 Exchange-Rate Dynamics / MAURICE OBSTFELD ; ALAN C. STOCKMAN = 917
1. Introduction = 918
2. Expectations and the exchange rate in a simple flexible-price model = 921
2.1. The model = 921
2.2. Anticipated future disturbances = 926
2.3. Expected regime change and exchange-rate dynamics = 930
3. Market frictions and output fluctuations = 934
3.1. Sticky domestic prices and overshooting = 935
3.2. Exchange-rate dynamics with contracting and imperfect information = 943
4. Portfolio balance, wealth, and the exchange rate = 947
4.1. Foreign bonds in a portfolio-balance model = 947
4.2. Investment and the current account = 954
5. Exchange-rate models based on individual intertemporal optimization = 957
5.1. A small-country, one-good model = 958
5.2. Models with two countries and two goods = 964
5.3. The role of non-traded goods = 969
6. Conclusion = 972
References = 973
Chapter 19 Empirical Studies of Exchange Rates : Price Behavior, Rate Determination and Market Efficiency / RICHARD M. LEVICH = 979
1. Introduction-historical setting = 980
2. Stylized empirical results about exchange rate behavior = 983
2.1. Describing exchange rate movements = 983
2.2. Time series behavior, volatility and distributional properties = 989
2.3. Transaction costs in foreign exchange markets = 997
3. Exchange rate determination - tests of specific models = 1000
3.1. Purchasing power parity = 1002
3.2. Monetary theory and exchange rates = 1007
3.3. Currency substitution = 1013
3.4. The portfolio balance approach = 1014
3.5 Exchange rate dynamics = 1015
3.6. The asset approach and the role of news = 1019
4. Tests of foreign exchange market efficiency = 1020
4.1. The efficient market hypothesis = 1022
4.2. Empirical evidence - certainly and risk-free investment = 1025
4.3. Empirical evidence - uncertainty and risky investments = 1028
4.4. Methodological issues and agenda = 1035
References = 1036
Chapter 20 Income and Price Effects in Foreign Trade / MORRIS GOLDSTEIN ; MOHSIN S. KHAN = 1041
1. Introduction = 1042
2. Specification issues in trade modelling = 1044
2.1. The imperfect substitutes model = 1044
2.2. The perfect substitutes model = 1050
2.3. Choke of variables = 1054
3. Econometric issues in trade modelling = 1065
3.1. Dynamics and time lags = 1066
3.2. Aggregation = 1069
3.3. Simultaneity = 1071
3.4. Stability of trade relationships = 1073
4. Estimates of price and income elasticities and related policy issues = 1075
4.1. Price and income elasticities of demand for imports and exports = 1076
4.2. Supply elasticities, import and export pass-throughs, and export price determination = 1087
4.3. Domestic price feedback effects of import price changes = 1092
4.4. Overview of the effectiveness of exchange rate changes = 1096
5. Concluding observations = 1097
References = 1099
Chapter 21 Empirical Studies of Macroeconomic Interdependence / JOHN F. HELLIWELL ; TIM PADMORE = 1107
1. Introduction = 1108
2. An overview of linkage models = 1108
3. Transmission of fiscal policy 1115
4. Transmission of monetary policy 1126
5. The impact of changes in world oil prices 1133
6. Summary and implications for further research 1140
References = 1143
Appendix = 1145
Chapter 22 International Money and International Monetary Arrangements / STANLEY W. BLACK = 1153
1. Introduction = 1154
2. Purpose and functions of international monetary arrangements = 1157
2.1. Exchange arrangements : Convertibility and flexibility = 1157
2.2. Vehicle currencies and reserve assets = 1158
2.3. Adjustment mechanisms = 1162
2.4. Financing = 1163
3. The demand for reserve assets = 1164
3.1. Theory of adjustment versus financing = 1164
3.2. Effects of floating exchange rates = 1167
3.3. The composition of reserve asset portfolios = 1169
3.4. Empirical studies = 1171
4. The supply of reserve assets = 1172
4.1. The role of gold = 1175
4.2. Key currencies = 1176
4.3. International reserve assets = 1178
4.4. Effects of disequilibrium in reserves = 1180
5. Optimal international monetary arrangements = 1181
5.1. National policy choices = 1182
5.2. Optimal design of the system = 1185
5.3. The role of the International Monetary Fund = 1186
References = 1188
Chapter 23 Economic Interdependence and Coordination of Economic Policies / RICHARD N. COOPER = 1195
0. Introduction = 1196
1. Definition of terms = 1196
2. Macroeconomic interdependence : A simple illustration = 1200
3. Reasons for greater economic interdependence = 1207
4. Macroeconomic interdependence : A general dynamic formulation = 1208
5. Macroeconomic interdependence : Conflict among objectives = 1213
6. Possible responses to economic interdependence = 1221
6.1. What is to be coordinated? = 1222
6.2. Decentralized action within agreed regimes = 1226
6.3 Obstacles to economic cooperation = 1228
6.4. The search for new instruments of policy = 1230
7. Other areas of interdependence = 1231
References = 1232
Index = 1235
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